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Torque Steer Print E-mail
Blaž Bat   
nedelja, 10 februar 2008
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Torque Steer
Stran 2

 What does it feel like? The drive wheels pull to a specific side under acceleration, affecting steering input and, depending on the severity of the problem and enthusiasm of the right foot, can cause the car to jump into an adjacent lane - not good. Most often it's just a little steering wheel arm wrestle, especially amid a tight corner at takeoff when the steering can sometimes lock up - very disconcerting. Of course torque-steer can happen with or without a turbo; it's just that the latter exacerbates the problem by shocking the system with torque once underway, a more dangerous time to be fighting the steering wheel…

Trevor Hofmann (Canadian Auto Press) - 8/15/2003 – o Saab-u 9-3. Klik! 

Zgoraj citiran je samo en primer kako avtorji člankov opisujejo torque steer. Glavni problem je, da popači informacije, ki jih dobiva voznik o dogajanju pod kolesi in oteži upravljanje vozila samega. Značilno je, da so temu pojavu bolj podvrženi močnejši avti. Urbane legende pa govorijo, da naj bi bila največja moč, ki jo danes avto s prednjim pogonom lahko varno spravi na cesto nekje med 150 in 180kW.

Figure 1: (Vir: [5])


Ker imajo (skoraj) vsi Saabi pogon spredaj, in ker nekateri dosežejo in presežejo take moči, obenem pa seveda trpijo za tem pojavom (npr. Viggen: Klik! ), ter ker vzrok pojava ni tako znan kot njegove posledice, sem se odločil stvar malo raziskati in sestaviti kratek članek na to temo.

Kot že ime torque steer pove, ta pojav ni odvisen od moči motorja temveč od navora. Pa še to ne direktno od navora motorja, temveč od momenta (navora), ki ga dobimo iz diferenciala. Ta pa je posledično odvisen od motorja, ter prestave (menjalnika in diferenciala). Zaradi tega je pojav torque steera toliko bolj opazen v nižjih prestavah (pospeševanje iz počasnih, ostrih ovinkov).

Do tega neželjenega pojava pride zaradi različnih sil/momentov, ki delujejo na levo in desno kolo. Razlike so lahko posledica zasnove avtomobila, in/ali različniga oprijema koles s podlago. Lahko bi rekli, da je prvo nek notranji vpliv avtomobila (njegova lastnost), ki se med vožnjo bistveno ne spreminja, drugo pa zunanji vpliv (vpliv cestišča – neravnine, ovinki, oprijem koles, ...).

Nesimetričnost predstavlja npr. različna dolžina leve in desne polgredi, različna razporeditev teže vozila na levo in desno stran (zaradi motorja, voznika, ...), pa tudi tolerance v montaži motorja, ter premikanje le-tega med vožnjo. Vpliv cestišča pa je lahko vožnja skozi ovinke, (kar pri nagibanju karoserije spreminja geometrijo vzmetenja in pritisk pnevmatike na cestišče), neravnina na cesti (luknja, grbina, mrtev jež, ... kar spet spreminja geometrijo vzmetenja) ali samo različna podlaga in posledično različna sila trenja pod posameznim kolesom.

Nesimetrična konstrukcija je glavni razlog, da pri pospeševanju naravnost avto povleče iz smeri. Po večini virov, ki sem jih dobil omenjajo kot glavni razlog tega dogajanja različno dolžino leve in desne polgredi. Na veliko se obrekuje, da naj bi leva in desna polgred ne imele enake togosti. To naj bi pri pospeševanju pomenilo, da se daljša gred bolj deformira in tako na pripadajočem kolesu zakasni pospešek, kar vodi v zavijanje iz smeri. Osebno se mi zdi ta razlog bolj kot ne privlečen za lase. Že pri Fiat-u 128 (in stoenki), ki je bil prvi avto z polgredmi različnih dolžin (popravite me če ni res), so ta problem rešil tako, da je bila daljša polgred debelejša od krajše. S pravilno debelino so dosegli, da sta bili leva in desna gred enako togi. In če sta bili enako togi sta se zvijali obe enako. Torej ta razlaga pade.

 

Figure 2: (Vir: [2])


Bolj verjetna se mi zdi razlaga o različnih kotih polgredi. Sicer ne popolnoma razumem zadeve, ampak težava naj bi bila v tem, da homokinetični zglob ustvarja različen odpor (moment) do vrtenja pri različnih lomnih kotih. Diferencial pa zaradi tega spusti večji moment (navor) čez kolo z manj odpora (torej verjetno tam, kjer ima polgred manjši kot). To pomeni, da eno kolo pospešuje bolj kot drugo, in vozilo želi zaviti iz smeri. To pa na volanu čutimo kot torque steer.

Majhen in pomojem zanemarljiv vpliv ima tudi različna vztrajnost obeh polgredi (daljša in debelejša gred potrebuje več enegrije za pospeševanje).

 


Figure 3


To težavo so rešili tako, da so na strani daljše gredi dodali neko vmesno gred. Ta gred izhaja iz diferenciala vzporedno z njegovo osjo. Nanjo pa so potem povezali polgred, ki je enako dolga kot krajša in kar je bolj pomembno, postavljena je pod istim kotom.

 


Figure 4: (Vir: [2])

Figure 5


Ta rešitev sicer izenači problem različnih kotov, je pa na tak način težje doseči enako togost na obeh straneh. (nekje sem zasledil podatek, da je možno priti do cca. 10% razlike v togosti med levo in desno stranjo). Torej neka minimalna razlika ostaja.

Najbolj temeljita rešitev tega problema pa je vzdolžna postavitev motorja. Dolžine in koti polgredi so pri taki postavitvi enaki, pa tudi razopreditev mas je boljša kar se samega avtomobila tiče. Problem take postavitve pa je slaba izkoriščenost prostora (kar je tudi razlog, da se taka postavitev za avtomobile s prednjim pogonom malo uporablja).

Zgoraj opisana težava je opazna predvsem pri pospeševanju v ravni liniji. Za razlago pojava pri pospeševanju v ovinkih pa je potrebno najprej pogledati osnovno geometrijo vzmetenja.

Za razlago se bom omejil na dve glavni geometrijski lastnosti vzmetenja. To je nagib obese proti nazaj (“castor angle”) in proti notranjosti vozila (“kingpin inclination”) (za splošno razumevanje pojava optika (toe in/out, camber, …) ne igra bistvene vloge). Za razlago bom vzel kar MacPhersonov tip vzmetenja, ker danes najbolj pogost, pa tudi najbolj problematičen kar se torque steera tiče (osnovna geometrija pa je podobna tudi pri drugih sistemih).

Castor angle je v osnovi zadolžen za stabilno in udobno vožnjo, ker vrača kolesa v nevtralen položaj (podobna finta kot z vozički v marketu – kolo se vedno samo postavi v smer vožnje).

 


Figure 6: (Vir: [8])


Kingpin nagib pa je posledica pomanjkanja prostora za vpetje kolesa na vzmetenje v sredini platišča. Kolo se zaradi tega pri zavijanu ne suče v svojem središču, temveč okoli osi, ki jo določata tadva kota.

 


Figure 7: (Vir: [13])


Ta zamik krmilne osi iz središča kontaktne ploskve gume bi sicer lahko z povečanjem kota praktično izničili. Žal pa bi na ta način začelo avto pri delovanju vzmetenja (predvsem pobiranju hitrih udarcev) neprijetno prestavljati levo in desno. (Ta zamik je odvisen tudi od širine pnevmatike in ET dimenizje platišča – zato pozor na ET, ko kupujete nova platišča.)

Če sedaj os, ki nam jo določata nagibna kota, navidezno podaljšamo, ter pogledamo kje bi se le-ta dotikala tli, dobimo točko okoli katere krmilni mehanizem suče kolo. Ta točka je na sliki označena s plavo, v rdeči točki pa deluje sila trenja na gumo med vožnjo v ovinku. (Zakaj ni na sredini gume sem pisal tukaj: Klik! ) Razdalji med tema točkama pravimo tudi scrub radius.


Figure 8: (Vir: [12])


Neglede ali je vozilo v ovinku ali na ravnini povzroča sila Fr na razdalji “d” na krmilno os nek moment, ki želi zasukati kolo iz nevtralne (ravne lege). Če sta obe kolesi enako obremenjeni (in v upanju da sta med seboj povezani) se ta moment izniči, in posledic ni čutiti.

Problemi se začnejo v malo hitreje odpeljanih ovinkih, ko je zunanje kolo bolj obremenjeno. Zunanja vzmet se zaradi tega posede, prevzame večjo silo in predvsem pri MacPhersonovem vzmetenju spremeni nagib pnevmatike napram cestišču (spremeni se oblika kontaktne površine). To na zunanjem kolesu še dodatno poveča razdaljo “d”, kar pa pomeni, da sili trenja na levem in desnem kolesu nista niti približno več enaki kot opisano v prejšnjem odstavku. In ker ni več ravnovesja začne obračati volan v eno smer, in temu potem pravimo torque steer. Stvar je še bolj očitna, če je notranje kolo na podlagi s slabšim oprijemom (npr. listje, pesek, …) in/ali če z zunanjim kolesom prevozimo kakšno neravnino (npr. luknjo, grbino, mrtvega ježa, …).

 

Figure 9: (Vir: [10])


Slika 9 prikazuje kontaktne razmere v desnem ovinku. Označen je večji moment na desnem kolesu, kar vodi v obračanje volana v to smer. (Pri vožnji naravnost sta leva in desna stran enaki.)

Če pri povedam v gornjem odstavku upoštevamo še različne kote polgredi zaradi posedanja vozila v ovinku, polgredi različnih togosti, razne nepravilnosti v vzmetenju in vpetju motorja ter mogoče še celo deformacije šasije, ugotovimo, da je pojav torque steera kar športen za natančno ovrednotenje.

Torque steer se da najbolje omejiti z uporabo sistemov vzmetenja ki med delovanjem ne spreminjajo naklona kolesa napram cestišču (npr. double wishbone), pomagajo pa si tudi tudi s prečnimi stabilizatorji, ki preprečujejo nagib karoserije in s pnevmatikami s tršimi boki (oz. s splošnim utrjevanjem podvozja). Dober vpliv pa imajo tudi razne zapore diferencialov (so pa problematične zaradi podkrmiljenja). Nekoliko pa je mogoče spreminjati obnašanje tudi z optiko vozila.

Vsaka sprememba, ki jo naredimo, da bi zmanjšali ta pojav, pa ima druge negativne posledice v udobju in splošnem obnašanju vozila. Zato je ta pojav tako težko obvladati, ne da bi s tem negativno vplivali na druge lastnosti.

 


VIRI:

[1] http://www.eng-tips.com/viewthread.cfm?qid=136600&page=8
[2] http://www.mcasco.com/qa_ts.html
[3] http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/tech_index.html
[4] http://www.carpages.ca/go/preowned/1999__2002_saab_93_preowned.aspx
[5] http://www.saabhistory.com/2006/11/29/the-viggen-a-great-history/
[6] http://www.mph-online.com/mag/streetknowledge/003
[7] http://www.mscsoftware.com/support/library/conf/adams/euro/2002/papers/005_EUC_008_FORD.pdf
[8] http://www.minimania.com/web/SCatagory/SUSPENSION/Display Type/Calver's%20Corner/DisplayID/1084/ArticleV.cfm
[9] http://www.f.kth.se/~f95-lsa/msc_thesis_work.html
[10] http://www.sportcompactcarweb.com/editors/technobabble/9909scc_technobabble/index.html
[11] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_steer
[12] http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6443199.html
[13] http://www.saabcentral.com/~munki/technical/suspension_steering/tech_specs.htm




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